thinking makes it so

Syllabi

2012-01-10T07:34:00.001-08:00

By request, some syllabi

Sex Wars: Feminist Perspectives on Pornography,
Classics of Feminist Theory, Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies

funny feminist and anti-racist humor

2011-07-29T17:52:00.000-07:00

Every semester on the last day of class I show my students some of these video clips as an end-of-the-semester treat. Standing in for a real blog entry about anything significant, I offer you the following. (I would also very much welcome suggestions, which you might leave in the comments if you were so inclined.)

Anti-racist satire

Queen Latifah, "Racial Tension Headache."

Dave Chappelle, "WuTang Financial"

Chappelles Show

Wu-Tang Financial

www.comedycentral.com

Buy Chappelle's Show DVDs

Black Comedy

True Hollywood Story

Eddie Murphy, "White Like Me"

Stephen Colbert, "Neutral Man's Burden"

The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Political Humor & Satire Blog,Video Archive

Feminist Satire

Ladies' Billiards

Brontë Sisters Power Dolls

New Law Requires Women To Name Baby, Paint Nursery Before Getting Abortion

New Law Requires Women To Name Baby, Paint Nursery Before Getting Abortion

Jane Austen's Fight Club

Jane Austen's Fight Club - watch more funny videos

Women: Sort Yourself Out

Feminist Moments in Popular Sitcoms

Golden Girls, "Condoms, Condoms, Condoms!"

Golden Girls on Marriage Equality

Candice Bergen on the Muppets

Cosby Show, "As in Serve Your Man!?"

Roseanne, "Riot Grrls"

Seinfeld, "Abortion"

Lisa Simpson, Feminist Hero."

Thelma and Louise

Feminist Rock

Sesame Street, "I Love My Hair"

Sesame Street, "Women Can Be"

A Lady Made That

Fagette

Monty Python Does Masculinity

Military Fairy

The Lumberjack Song

Every Sperm Is Sacred

Otherwise Hilarious For Reasons Which Should Be Somewhat Obvious

Sandra Bullock Does Transference

There's a Rep for That

Stepehen Colbert, Cooking With Feminists

The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Political Humor & Satire Blog,Video Archive

Poststructuralism, What The Fuck Is That?

ART THOUGHTZ: Post-Structuralism from Hennessy Youngman on Vimeo.

Jersey Shore Meets Oscar Wilde

Stay White, Johnny Weir

2011-01-16T09:48:00.000-08:00

Johnny Weir, the effeminate and unabashedly flashy skater has come out as a gay man. I thought one particular comment he made was especially interesting (by which I mean, disgusting) regarding his coming out, and was worth commenting on:

I was born a white male. A white gay male, and I don’t celebrate being white or male. So, why should I celebrate being gay[?] That’s my opinion on the whole thing.

Set Phasers to Deconstruct (I am so funny)

Systems of race and gender privilege work in part on the insistence that such privileges are merely the natural consequences of real and immutable bodily difference. The reproduction of male privilege, for example, requires a repeated assertion of the naturalness of sex difference, the superiority of male characteristics, and the consequently natural social inequality that stems directly from this difference. Half of Weir’s statement is an argument frequently (and unfortunately) made by some parts of the gay rights movement: we are born gay and therefore deserve the same rights as those afforded to people who are born Black, women, etc. But Weir goes a couple obnoxious steps further, as I see it.

First, he begins by contextualizing his comments within the rhetoric of a white-like-me boys club insistence on the serendipity of being born a white male – a long-time strategy that denies the active ways in which whites claim and maintain privilege by insisting on the accident of their skin color and gender.

Second, rather than merely drawing an analogy between various in-born characteristics, Weir’s move from “white male” to “white gay male” is an argument for gay rights that unabashedly hitches a ride on the white supremacist train. In other words, Weir’s argument is one that seeks to re-assert the contested rights of gayness by linking them to the more stable privileges of whiteness.

And finally, even as he insists upon white and male privilege, he makes his assertion invisible through the all-too-familiar switch-a-roo: we’re not the racists – it’s the people of color who keep talking about race: exactly the rhetorical nonsense we see in Glenn Beck calling Obama racist, or Arizona outlawing Latino Studies programs. Having conflated white gay maleness, Weir is then able to make this very same right-wing argument work for gay identity. By insisting that a “celebration” of gayness would be as invalid as a celebration of whiteness or maleness, Weir makes his most powerful argument for gay rights: that it needn’t be celebrated because it is as obvious as white or male rights, and that those who do celebrate it are misinformed, like – (and here is the unambiguous white-like-me move where Weir argues for his inclusion within white, male solidarity) – those who argue for Latino or Black studies.

It is through what Allen Berube calls “gay whitening practices” like this, that “gay stays white.” It’s not hard to find a number of other examples: racially exclusive gay clubs, the unspoken racial politics of marriage, Don’t Ask Don’t Tell, or the “gay is the new Black” rhetoric of magazines like the Advocate come to mind. In all of this is the profound and sad failure of many white gay men to think critically about white, male privilege. That’s my opinion on the whole thing.

Coffee Talk With Judith Butler (Judith Butler is neither a Lesbian, nor a Theorist. Discuss)

2010-09-08T21:04:00.000-07:00

In one of her early pieces in the Gay and Lesbian Studies reader, “Imitation and Gender Insubordination,” Judith Butler discusses political and philosophical issues related to the ontology of sexual orientation. It’s worth a read, at least as an entertaining, if hard-to-follow, introduction to post-Foucauldian anti-identity politics, gender performativity, and Butler’s jaunty travels as an academic superstar called to speak at Yale “under the title of the lesbian sign.” (“I told my friends,” she says, “that I was off to Yale to be a Lesbian.”)
One of the most interesting/funniest parts of the piece is her circuitous refudiation of the ways in which lesbian sexuality is presented as an inferior imitation of originary and real heterosexuality. Butler writes that

“As a young person, I suffered for a long time, and I suspect many people have, from being told, implicitly or explicitly, that what I am is a copy, an imitation, a derivative example, a shadow of the real.”

The evidence for this in a variety of contexts I’ll take for granted – at least think about the ways in which gay (male) couples on television are often represented as heterogenderal in ways that present their relationship as a (humorously imitative or entertaining) copy of typical heterosexual gender relations: Will and Grace, the two annoying guys on Modern Family, the frumpy female friend (“fag hag,” but I think the term smacks of misogyny) of the sporty fashionable gay man, etc., etc. Extending Michael Kimmel’s discussion of masculinity (just a bit) as an exaggerated heterosexual performance that repeatedly disavows any possible femininity could get you here as well: the one who loses this men’s game has tried and failed to achieve the real, and settles, then, for an imitation.

Hold your postmodern ponies a minute, says Butler. An “original” can only be defined with respect to its derivative copies. To operate as an original, she writes, there must be secondary instances of such a thing which would confirm the originality of its origin. A master copy can only be a “master copy” if and only if there exist copies, the existence of which produce the originality of the original. Thus, in relation to homosexuality and heterosexuality, it is homosexuality-as-copy which precedes heterosexuality-as-original and makes its originality possible: heterosexuality can only be originary if and only if homosexuality exists to create its originary nature. How do you like them apples!?

Why stop now though? The originality of homosexuality-as-origin is only possible because of homosexuality-as-copy: copies which create the originary nature of “homosexuality as original.” But the homosexuality-as-copy is only possible because of heterosexuality-as-original, which is made possible by homosexuality-as-copy….which is made…which is…which...

So what’s the point then? That the simple inversion described in the first place is really not possible. The situation is really one, Butler argues, in which the entire framework proves to be radically unstable: necessitating its repeated reification as well as its always-almost failure. Thus heterosexuality must compulsively repeat itself to assert its originality, even while practices of queerness and drag (insofar as they are so often parodic bad copies) call into question that originality.

If this sounds to you like Eve Sedgwick: “major nodes of thought and knowledge in twentieth-century Western culture as a whole are structured – indeed fractured – by a chronic, now endemic crisis of homo/heterosexual definition,” then you win. It’s not the contestation of identity politics that structures society, wherein two readily-identifiable groups compete: it the structural system of binary opposites that presents the most formidable operation of power as well as its most critical weakness (See also, Rosemarie Garland Thomas’ use of the “ability/disability system” over identity-based terms).

You might not have guessed, but all this fun has been brought to you by the letter V (for Vatican). Recently, two prelates (I had to look up what that meant) who visited Mexico City (newly gay marriageified) opined that gay marriage is an imitation (and a forgery, in a Spanish version of the story), and that gay relationships are “like decaffeinated coffee, you do not wake up.” (El Universal also notes that the prelates said that same-sex unions go against nature, can’t be considered paternity, and harm children.)

Decaffeinated coffee is more than just a bad copy though: it’s what gives originary status to the caffeine content of coffee, but which also in the same circular way described previously, relies on caffeinated coffee for it’s own status. Judith Butler: 1, Decaffeinated Coffee: 0.

I also thought it was sort of amusing that in fact, the whole point of decaf coffee is so that you “don’t wake up.” In other words, it’s not that you wish you could be caffeinated with decaf coffee but because it’s a bad copy of real coffee, it just doesn’t work – you drink decaf coffee because you don’t want to “wake up.”
What I’m trying to say here is that if homosexuality is like decaf coffee, like coffee that doesn’t wake you up, homosexuality can be something fun you do before you go to bed because you want the taste, but don’t want to have to stay up…or might be useful if you already had so much straight sex that you’ll get the jitters if you have another go at it.

Decaf coffee might be good while you’re in high school, when your bones are still growing and you don’t want to commit to a caffeinated relationship which could stunt your growth.

The end.

on queer politics in political science textbooks

2010-09-01T20:29:00.000-07:00

I just came across this interesting article from 2007, reviewing 17 leading political science textbooks. The invisibility of bisexuals, trans people, and AIDS, along with the heavy visual focus on white men, marriage, and legal equality is entirely consistent with the conservative politics dominating the gay movement today. Below is a summary from the article; bolding added.

To summarize, all of the texts we re- viewed note lesbians and gay men, almost universally in discussions of civil rights and/or equality. These discussions generally frame lesbians and gay men as “another” structurally disempowered group, often grouped with the disabled and listed after longer substantive sections on race and gender. Bisexuals are almost universally invisible and the transgendered are nowhere to be found.

Substantial portions of the discussions focus on court cases. Every text discusses Bowers v. Hardwick, the 1986 case in which the Supreme Court upheld Georgia’s criminal ban on sodomy, and Romer v. Evans, the 1996 ruling applying equal protection to invalidate Colorado’s Amendment Two, which sought to bar the passage of local ordinances protecting people from discrimination based on sexual orientation. Depending on the edition, some texts do not yet incorporate a discussion of Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court case that overturned Bowers v. Hardwick in 2003. Many texts also use the fight over same-sex marriage to illustrate full faith and credit issues. There is virtually no discussion of AIDS in these texts. Some discuss public opinion toward lesbians and gay men and some address LGBT rights as a social movement.

Most of these texts generally incorporate a lot of visuals. Only a few texts had photographs of named LGBT individuals, and three of the photos were of James Dale. [a white man - ed.] There were very few photographs of named lesbians. The most prevalent image of LGBT individuals was various versions of same-sex couples exchanging vows or rings or waiting to do so. [vomit - ed.]
On the topic of terminology, most of the texts used “homosexual” and “gay/lesbian” interchangeably. Some tended to lump everyone under “gay.” [see SURVEY FINDS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ACCEPTANCE FOR “GAYS” VERSUS “HOMOSEXUALS” - ed.]

For a good article on the gender and sexuality politics of biology textbooks, see Emily Martin's "The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles".

You Have a Call on Line One From Michel Foucault

2010-08-19T20:29:00.000-07:00

If you're desperate for a perfect(ly disturbing) case study of truth as a regime of power-knowledge (the post is even titled "The truth about blood"), the political work of metaphor, and the biopolitical operations of power, here you go. Witness "hemovigilance," the "tracking of adverse events associated with blood collection and transfusion."

Watch the full episode. See more Need To Know.

the unbearable whiteness of being human

2010-08-09T21:22:00.000-07:00

The following are all of the immediately visible images representing modern humans (as distinct from either earlier human species or animals) from the 10 separate stories NPR published this July and August as part of the series titled How Evolution Gave Us The Human Edge. In case you missed the obvious, this is just one recent example of a long history of discourse relating whiteness and humanity which has its roots in racial science and ethical justifications of colonialism, slavery, and genocide (google it or something). I would argue that it matters in these contexts more than just the general vast overrepresentation of whites in the media and as allegedly race-neutral "humans" because the context here is one explicitly about defining what is human, what separates humans from animals, and about evolution as a civilizing process.

By presenting whites as the quintessential humans who possess the bodies and behaviors taken to be deeply meaningful human traits, whites justified, and continue to justify white supremacy. This is what white privilege looks like (pun fully intended): being constantly told by experts that you and people like you represent the height of evolution and everything that it means to be that incredible piece of work that is man. (irony fully intended).

The last four images are from What Does It Mean To Be Human?, a slightly more diverse online exhibit from the Smithsonian linked from NPR. The main sidebar pictures, the iconic Michelangelo Creation of Adam pose, and the majority of the images are still of whites.

so much haight, so little time.

2010-08-04T23:00:00.000-07:00

an interview with Details Magazine in which Seth MacFarlane opines that only "stupid homosexuals" disliked a disgustingly transphobic episode of ~~South Park~~ Family Guy (thanks beth) and that this is actually something all heterosexuals and gay men should understand.

Details: You predicted that another episode—about a transgendered character—would make the LGBT community happy. It didn't.
Seth MacFarlane: That surprised me. I don't meet a lot of stupid homosexuals. They seem to be a pretty smart bunch. But it seemed that they were not picking up on the fact that it was a very sympathetic portrayal of a transsexual character.

Details: Maybe the fact that Brian barfs his guts out when he realizes he's had sex with a transsexual threw them off.
Seth MacFarlane: Hey, we're still Family Guy.We're not suddenly going to become 7th Heaven. Actually, I guess on 7th Heaven they would probably burn the transsexual at the stake. Let me think of another example. We're not Mr. Belvedere. Look, Brian happens to be a heterosexual character, as I am. If I found out that I had slept with a transsexual, I might throw up in the same way that a gay guy looks at a vagina and goes, "Oh, my God, that's disgusting." It's just the way we're biologically wired. They should give that another look.

brian safi, i dislike you.

2010-07-25T09:20:00.000-07:00

“So remember: we gays know tragedy. Before we came out, we had to eat pussy!”

why don't you and dan savage shut the fuck up with your racist bullshit and your transphobic garbage.

a brief update on the male whitewashing of Don't Ask Don't Tell

2010-07-12T22:09:00.000-07:00

the face of DADT...oh no wait, it's not.

The Advocate uses a stock photo of a white male soldier to illustrate a story about Don't Ask Don't Tell. SHOCKER.

DADT Trial Begins Tuesday

In other related news, an article I think I am going to use for my intro class (Han, "Darker Shades of Queer Race and Sexuality at the Margins") alerted me to this Advocate gem from 2005: Gays First, Then Illegals..

fake professor benjamin explains marxist-feminist epistemology with Our Bodies, Ourselves

2010-04-22T16:41:00.000-07:00

Is male gayness characterized by misogyny?

2010-02-15T20:33:00.000-08:00

When State Senator Hiram Monserrate was accused of assaulting his girlfriend with a broken glass bottle and dragging her out an apartment building, his friend, and openly gay State Senator, Tom Duane, had the following to say in a town hall meeting on or around September 9 2009:

Of course, everyone is innocent until proven guilty, and I also think that—from what I’ve read in the papers, from what I know of the case—it seems to me like a classic case of domestic violence where the victim changes their story after the fact...While everyone is innocent until proven guilty, I would be surprised if there wasn’t a plea to something, and hopefully a felony, but maybe not.¹

Four weeks later, after the trial, during which the surveillance video of the incident was shown, Duane changed his story considerably. In his own press release, he claimed:

From the time Hiram Monserrate was arrested on domestic violence charges last December, I have been outspoken in my disgust and horror at his actions, and at the sad but true fact that he continued to serve in the New York State Senate...I remain as angry, sad and outraged today as I was the day Mr. Monserrate was arrested. Not a day has gone by that I haven’t dwelled on the terror and pain that Ms. Giraldo must have felt on the early morning of December 19, 2008.²

Duane's initial reaction is hardly disgust and horror. The idea that the "classic case of domestic violence" is one in which the "victim changes their [sic] story after the fact" is clearly rhetoric that serves to dismiss and trivialize assault. It's hard to understand this reaction as anything more than standing in solidarity with Monserrate as men, despite his incredibly offensive "after the fact" attempt to suggest he had always been sympathetic to Giraldo's feelings.

Duane works in the Senate as gay man - one who clearly shares with some straight men patriarchal ideas about women and an investment in male access to power. Gay men, as men, have a stake in maintaining a patriarchal culture that excludes women.

I think part of this occurs in the context of the somewhat casual misogyny of some gay men which devalues women and women's bodies as uninteresting, unattractive, expendable or less satisfying, or as objects of scorn or ridicule.

Consider the porn titled: "ditch the bitch, make the switch" released in 2006, which, according to an online review presents gay sex as the solution to girlfriends who resist unquestioned access to their bodies (I'm not even going to touch the weird feature that allows a viewer to watch the sex "with or without condoms":

The premise of the film is that straight guys are not getting what they want from their girlfriends and so show up at a bar where the friendly bartender...suggests the solutions to their needs...Young David Santini comes in to the bar and tells Ashley that he has a thing for long hair, but his girlfriend keeps hers short...Attractive and slender George Plozen tells Ashley that his girlfriend will not let him fuck her in the ass...Milan Breeze’s complaint about his girlfriend is that she doesn’t take [c]are of her body...Skip Baxter complains to the bartender that because his dick is so big no one will let him have sex with them⁰

"Ditch the Bitch, Make the Switch" even made it into an advertisement for the gay porn site, Amateur Straight Guys:

Gay and straight media both sometime even report male misogyny as evidence of gayness. Robert Pattinson of Twilight fame (who really, I don't care about), for example, had the following to say recently:

"I really hate vaginas. I’m allergic to vagina."³

This has nothing to do with attraction to men and everything to do with disgust and hatred for women's bodies. Consider however, the way it was reported in the gay and straight press (emphasis mine):

Sparking gay rumor, 'Twilight' star 'allergic to vagina'¹

and

Robert Pattinson has reportedly spoken of his disdain for vaginas, according to reports...The Twilight actor, who took part in a naked photo shoot with other women this week for Details magazine, has sparked rumours that he might be homosexual.³

and from MTV Australia:

Is R-Patz Gay?...It’s the news that could break millions of young girls’ hearts across the world – Robert Pattinson has hinted he may be gay. The ‘Twilight’ actor, who’s been linked to his stunning co-star Kristen Stewart, has sparked rumours about his sexuality after he slated women’s private parts following a raunchy shoot for Details magazine.⁴

In gay as well as straight media, Pattinson's misogyny is presented as potential evidence of his gayness - a disturbing idea only reinforced by the misogyny of some gay men or by advertisements tailored to that misogyny.

Finally, consider this Svedka advertisement, which reads "Gay Men Still Prefer Svedka Over Sex With Women."⁵ I think the ad works on a couple levels. First, in relation to the gay male viewer, it is a joke which conflates the "natural" gay male aversion to sex with women with the preference for Svedka. Again - gayness as misogny - this time a particular misogyny that is also consumer desire (Marx's commodity fetish, anyone?).

The woman's (in another ad in the series she is described as a "fem bot") 3/4 pose, her lack of clothing, and her body proportions - what Laura Mulvey calls "to-be-looked-at-ness" - however, also positions the ad as one which speaks to straight men. In this case, the joke comes when the straight viewer realizes that the natural gay male aversion to sex with women is actually the only way one could actually prefer Svedka over sex with women. Sex with women is just too great...unless you're gay.

With either viewer then, gayness is constructed as a natural aversion to women.

I don't think it's a coincidence here that all these examples involve heterosexuals, even if they are queered in certain ways - a gay man's comments on a heterosexual relationship, amateur straight guys who have gay sex, straight guys who can be convinced to 'make the switch', straight guys who don't seem to enjoy the fruits of straight entitlement, and a T-maze with gay guys, women, and vodka.

I was going to conclude by writing about Kimmel's argument in Masculinity as Homophobia and the Freudian explanation of homosexuality...but I'm too tired. Next time.

0. http://www.adultdvdtalk.com/reviews/read_review.dlt/sku=17022/ditch-the-bitch-and-make-the-switch.htm

1. http://www.gaycitynews.com/articles/2009/09/10/gay_city_news/news_in_brief/today/doc4aa7ef55e4fba548629294.txt

2. http://www.nysenate.gov/press-release/statement-new-york-state-senator-duane-re-hiram-monserrate

3. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a203162/robert-pattinson-allergic-to-vaginas.html

4. http://www.mtv.com.au/news/633b61f7-robert-pattinson-gay/

5. There was a parallel ad for women ("Gay Women..."), but this one caused more controversy, and - if I can add my own experience - it's the only one I ever actually saw. If anything, the existence of both ads might point to the idea that gayness in general is associated with disgust for a heterosexual object choice: perhaps manifested in the "man-hating dyke" stereotype on the one hand, and the misogynist gay man on the other.

Over and Under Inclusion as Acts of Racism and Androcentrism in That's Gay: DADT

2010-02-13T07:26:00.000-08:00

The show, That's Gay, is often somewhat amusing. The latest episode, about Don't Ask Don't Tell has been making its rounds, and the point is well-taken: rhetoric against the repeal probably has much less to do with military strategy than with blatant homophobia. Watching military men squirm about "cramped submarines" and the possibility of arousal when men are "huddled together for warmth" or in "foxholes" is for sure funny and revealing, but a problem with this framing of anti-repeal efforts is that it is an analysis that suffers - very typically, I think - from what Kimberle Crenshaw calls "over inclusion."

Crenshaw's has added a lot of theoretical sophistication to the idea of intersectionality - a long-standing intervention against single-issue analysis that feminists of color, among others, have articulated at least since Sojourner Truth asked, Ain't I a Woman?.

Intersectionality is a method of analyzing the "interactive effects of discrimination" which are generally thought of as mutually exclusive, but are in fact:

never fully distinct, and always affect people who are also trapped in other systems. Intersectionality frames these convergences as a series of multiple intersections that often cross each other, creating complex cross-roads where two, three, or more of these routes may meet in overlapping dimensions.¹

To the point then: as the excellent blog, Racewire, has shown (see a report from the Palm Center as well), all women, and black women particularly, have been disproportionately affected by DADT:

According to U.S. Census data, black women with same-sex partners serve in the military at 11 times the rate of women overall. And new pentagon data shows that while women make up approximately fifteen percent of the armed forces, they account for nearly half of all "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) discharges from the Army and Air Force. Pentagon data show that African American women are discharged under "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" at three times the rate that they serve in the military.²

DADT is an issue of race, gender, and sexual orientation, among other aspects of subjectivity, and it is unfortunately all too typical of the mainstream gay rights movement to over include intersectional discrimination as a "gay rights" issue, when in fact a proper analysis would take into consideration a number of other factors.

Over inclusion, argues Crenshaws, occurs when discrimination affecting multiply marked subjects is absorbed into a framework privileging a single factor without acknowledging the role of multiple identities in creating such discrimination.

In this sense, framing DADT as an issue of men is an act of over inclusion in which gay women are over included in the category of gays without acknowledging the particular ways in which they are discriminated against as gay women. Lines from the show like "they're all afraid of one thing: the gay penis." are perfect examples of this.

On the other hand, the show's failure to acknowledge the racial basis of DADT is an act of under inclusion. Under inclusion occurs when discrimination against a subset of already-marginalized subjects (black women in relation to women for example) fails to be understood as an issue affecting the marginalized group (women), but rather as one only affecting the subset. Crenshaw uses the example of prisons, which are often framed as a racial issue, despite women representing the fastest-growing group of prisoners. Because the women are black, they are not taken as representative of women, but only as blacks.

In terms of the frame of That's Gay then, Black lesbians are also being under included within a framework that privileges the experience of lesbians. Black lesbians then, can represent only gayness - just like black women in prison represent only race.

In other words: Focusing on sexual orientation over includes women within an androcentric frame, while it under includes blacks within a racist frame.

This framing is an act or androcentrism and racism, and it's an unfortunately too-typical example of how white gay men sometimes seem more interested in shoring up the privileges associated with those categories than with allying themselves against racism and sexism.

Unfortunate.

1. Crenshaw, "Traffic at the Crossroads: Multiple Oppressions," in Morgan, Sisterhood is Forever. New York: Washington Square Press, 2003.

2. Scheper, Jeanne. "Black Women Disproportionately Impacted by “don’t ask, don’t tell." Oct. 14, 2008. http://www.palmcenter.org/node/1159